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opposition deputy

  • 1 opposition deputy

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > opposition deputy

  • 2 opposition

    заперечення; протидія, опір; опозиція
    - opposition deputy
    - opposition leader
    - opposition party
    - opposition period
    - opposition procedure
    - opposition proceeding
    - opposition proceedings
    - opposition time

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > opposition

  • 3 опозиційний депутат

    Українсько-англійський юридичний словник > опозиційний депутат

  • 4 प्रति _prati

    प्रति ind.
    1 As a prefix to verbs it means (a) towards, in the direction of; (b) back, in return, again; तष्ठेदानीं न मे जीवन् प्रतियास्यसि दुर्मते Rām.7.18.13; (c) in opposition to, against, counter; (d) upon, down upon; (see the several roots with this preposition).
    -2 As a prefix to nouns not directly derived from verbs it means (a) likeness, resemblance, equality; (b) opposite, of the opposite side; प्रतिबल Ve.3.5. 'the opposing force'; so प्रतिद्विपाः Mu.2.13; (c) rivalry; as in प्रतिचन्द्रः 'a rival moon'; प्रतिपुरुषः &c.
    -3 As a separable preposition (with acc.) it means (a) towards, in the direction of, to; तौ दम्पती स्वां प्रति राजधानीं प्रस्थापयामास वशी वसिष्ठः R.2.7;1. 75; प्रत्यनिलं विचेरु Ku.3.31; वृक्षं प्रति विद्योतते विद्युत् Sk.; (b) against, counter, in opposition to, opposite; तदा यायाद् रिपुं प्रति Ms.7.171; प्रदुदुवुस्तं प्रति राक्षसेन्द्रम् Rām.; ययावजः प्रत्यरिसैन्यमेव R.7.55; (c) in comparison with, on a par with, in proportion to, a match for; त्वं सहस्राणि प्रति Ṛv.2.1.8; (d) near, in the vicinity of, by, at, in, on; समासेदुस्ततो गङ्गां शृङ्गवेरपुरं प्रति Rām.; गङ्गां प्रति; (e) at the time, about, during; आदित्यस्योदयं प्रति Mb; फाल्गुनं वाथ चैत्रं वा मासौ प्रति Ms.7.182; (f) on the side of, in favour of, to the lot of; यदत्र मां प्रति स्यात् Sk.; हरं प्रति हलाहलं (अभवत्) Vop.; (g) in each, in or at every, severally (used in a distributive sense); वर्षं प्रति, प्रतिवर्षम्; यज्ञं प्रति Y.1.11; वृक्षं वृक्षं प्रति सिञ्चति Sk.; (h) with regard or reference to, in relation to, regarding, concerning, about, as to; न हि मे संशीतिरस्या दिव्यतां प्रति K.132; चन्द्रोपरागं प्रति तु केनापि विप्रलब्धासि Mu.1; धर्मं प्रति Ś.5.18; मन्दौत्सुक्यो$स्मि नगरगमनं प्रति Ś.1; Ku.6.27; 7.83; त्वयैकमीशं प्रति साधु भाषितम् 5.81; Y.1.218; R.6. 12;1.29;12.51; (i) according to, in conformity with; मां प्रति in my opinion; (j) before, in the presence of; (k) for, on account of.
    -4 As a separable preposi- tion (with abl.) it means either (a) a representative of, in place of, instead of; प्रद्युम्नः कृष्णात् प्रति Sk.; संग्रामे यो नारायणतः प्रति Bk.8.89; or (b) in exchange or return for; तिलेभ्यः प्रति यच्छति माषान् Sk.; भक्तेः प्रत्यमृतं शंभोः Vop.
    -5 As the first member of Avyayībhāva compound it usually means (a) in or at every; as प्रतिसंवत्सरम् 'every year', प्रतिक्षणम्, प्रत्यहम् &c.; (b) towards, in the direction of; प्रत्यग्नि शलभा डयन्ते.
    -6 प्रति is sometimes used as the last member of Avyayī. comp. in the sense of 'a little'; सूपप्रति, शाकप्रति. [ Note:-- In the com- pounds given below all words the second members of which are words not immediately connected with verbs, are included; other words will be found in their proper places.]
    -Comp. -अंशम् ind. on the shoulders.
    -अक्षरम् ind. in every syllable or letter; प्रत्यक्षरश्लेषमयप्रबन्ध Vās.
    -अग्नि ind. towards the fire.
    -अग्र = प्रत्यग्र q. v.
    -अङ्गम् 1 a secondary or minor limb (of the body), as the nose.
    -2 a division, chapter, section.
    -3 every limb.
    -4 a weapon. (
    -ङ्गम्) ind.
    1 on or at every limb of the body; as in प्रत्यङ्ग- मालिङ्गितः Gīt.1.
    -2 for every subdivision.
    -3 in each case (in grammar).
    -अधिदेवता a tutelary deity who stays in front or near one; Hch.
    -अधिष्ठानम्, -आधानम् the principal place of residence; Bṛi. Up.2.2.1.
    -2 repository.
    -अनन्तर a.
    1 being in immediate neigh- bourhood; दानमानादिसत्कारैः कुरुष्व प्रत्यनन्तरम् Rām.4.15.27. (com. प्रत्यनन्तरं स्वाधीनम्).
    -2 standing nearest (as an heir).
    -3 immediately following, closely connected with; जीवेत् क्षत्रियधर्मेण स ह्यस्य (ब्राह्मणस्य) प्रत्यनन्तरः; Ms.1. 82;8.185. (
    -रम्) ind.
    1 immediately after.
    -2 next in succession.
    -रीभू to betake oneself close to; P. R.
    -अनिलम् ind. towards or against the wind.
    -अनीक a
    1 hostile, opposed, inimical.
    -2 resisting, opposing.
    -3 opposite.
    -4 equal, vying with. (
    -कः) an enemy.
    (-कम्) 1 hostility, enmity, hostile attitude or position; न शक्ताः प्रत्यनीकेषु स्थातुं मम सुरासुराः Rām.
    -2 a hostile army; यस्य शूरा महेष्वासाः प्रत्यनीकगता रणे Mb.; ये$वस्थिताः प्रत्यनीकेषु योधाः Bg.11.32. (प्र˚ may have here sense 1 also).
    -3 (in Rhet.) a figure of speech in which one tries to injure a person or thing connected with an enemy who himself cannot be injured; प्रतिपक्षमशक्तेन प्रतिकर्तुं तिरस्क्रिया । या तदीयस्य तत्स्तुत्यै प्रत्यनीकं तदुच्यते K. P.1.
    -अनुप्रासः a kind of alliteration.
    -अनुमानम् an opposite conclusion.
    -अन्त a. contiguous, lying close to, adjacent, bordering.
    (-न्तः) 1 a border, frontier; स गुप्तमूलप्रत्यन्तः R.4.26.
    -2 a bordering country; especi- ally, a country occupied by barbarian or Mlechchhas. ˚देशः a bordering country. ˚पर्वतः an adjacent hill; पादाः प्रत्यन्तपर्वताः Ak.
    -अन्धकार a. spreading shadow; Buddh.
    -अपकारः retaliation, injury in return; शाम्येत् प्रत्यप- कारेण नोपकारेण दुर्जनः Ku.2.4.
    -अब्दम् ind. every year
    -अमित्र a. hostile. (
    -त्रः) an enemy. (
    -त्रम्) ind. towards as enemy.
    -अरिः 1 a well-matched opponent.
    -2 the 9th, 14th or 23rd asterism from the जन्मनक्षत्र.
    -3 a particular asterism; दारुणेषु च सर्वेषु प्रत्यरिं च विवर्जयेत् Mb.13.14.28 (com. प्रत्यरिं स्वनक्षत्राद् दिननक्षत्रं यावद् गणयित्वा नवभिर्भागे हृते पञ्चमी तारा प्रत्यरिः ।).
    -अर्कः a mock sun; parhelion.
    -अर्गलम् the rope by which a churning stick is moved.
    -अवयवम् ind.
    1 in every limb.
    -2 in every particular, in detail.
    1 lower, less honoured; पुरावरान् प्रत्यवरान् गरीयसः Mb.13.94.12.
    -2 very low or degrading, very insignificant; Ms.1.19.
    -अश्मन् m. red chalk.
    -अष्ठीला a kind of nervous disease.
    -अहम् ind. every day, daily; day by day; गिरिशमुपचचार प्रत्यहं सा सुकेशी Ku.1.6.
    -आकारः a scabbard, sheath.
    -आघातः 1 a counter-stroke.
    -2 reaction.
    -आचारः suitable conduct or behaviour.
    -आत्मम् ind. singly, severally.
    -आत्मक a. belonging to oneself.
    -आत्म्यम् similarity with oneself.
    -आत्मेन ind. after one's own image; स किंनरान् कुंपुरुषान् प्रत्यात्म्येना- सृजत् प्रभुः Bhāg.3.2.45.
    -आदित्यः a mock sun.
    -आरम्भः 1 recommencement, second beginning.
    -2 pro- hibition.
    -आर्द्र a. fresh.
    -आशा 1 hope, expectation; न यत्र प्रत्याशामनुपतति नो वा रहयति Māl.9.8.
    -2 trust, con- fidence.
    -आसङ्गः Connection, contact; अथ प्रत्यासङ्गः कमपि महिमानं वितरति Mv.1.12.
    -आस्वर 1 returning.
    -2 reflecting; Ch.Up.1.3.2.
    -आह्वयः echo, resonance; छाया प्रत्याह्वयाभासा ह्यसन्तो$प्यर्थकारिणः Bhāg.11.28.5.
    -उत्तरम् a reply, rejoinder.
    -उलूकः 1 a crow; मृत्युदूतः कपोतो$यमुलूकः कम्पयन्मनः । प्रत्युलूकश्च कुह्वानैरनिद्रौ शून्यमिच्छतः ॥ Bhāg.1.14.14.
    -2 a bird resembling an owl.
    -ऋचम् ind. in each Rik.
    -एक a. each, each one, every single one. (
    -कम्) ind.
    1 one at a time, severally; singly, in every one, to every one; oft. with the force of an adjective; विवेश दण्डकारण्यं प्रत्येकं च सतां मनः R.12.9. 'entered the mind of every good man'; 12.3;7.34; Ku.2.31.
    -एनस् m.
    1 an officer of justice (who punishes criminals); Bṛi. Up.4.3.7.
    -2 a heir responsible for the debts of the deceased; surety.
    -कञ्चुकः 1 an adversary.
    -2 a critic.
    -कण्ठम् ind.
    1 severally, one by one.
    -2 near the throat.
    -कलम् ind. constantly, perpetually.
    -कश a. not obeying the whip.
    -कष्ट a. comparatively bad.
    -कामिनी a female rival; Śi.
    -कायः 1 an effigy, image, picture, likeness.
    -2 an adversary; स वृषध्वजसायकावभिन्नं जयहेतुः प्रतिकाय- मेषणीयम् Ki.13.28.
    -3 a target, butt, mark.
    -कितवः an opponent in a game.
    -कुञ्जरः a hostile elephant.
    -कूपः a moat, ditch.
    -कूल a.
    1 unfavourable, adverse, contrary, hostile, opposite, प्रतिकूलतामुपगते हि विधौ विफलत्व- मेति बहुसाधनता Śi.9.6; Ku.3.24.
    -2 harsh, discordant. unpleasant, disagreeable; अप्यन्नपुष्टा प्रतिकूलशब्दा Ku.1. 45.
    -3 inauspicious.
    -4 contradictory.
    -5 reverse, inverted.
    -6 perverse, cross, peevish, stubborn. ˚आचार- णम्, ˚आचरितम् any offensive or hostile action or conduct; प्रतिकूलाचरितं क्षमख मे R.8.81. ˚उक्तम्, -क्तिः f. a contra- diction. ˚कारिन्, -कृत, -चारिन्, -वत्ति a. opposing. ˚दर्शन a. having an inauspicious or ungracious appearance. ˚प्रवर्तिन्, -वर्तिन् a. acting adversely, taking an adverse course. ˚भाषिन् a. opposing, contradicting. ˚वचनम् dis- agreeable or unpleasant speech. ˚वादः contradiction. (प्रतिकूलता, -त्वम् adverseness, opposition, hostility. प्रति- कूलयति 'to oppose'.).
    -कूल ind.
    1 adversely, contrarily.
    -2 inversely, in inverted order.
    -कूलय Den. P. to resist, oppose.
    -कूलिक a. hostile, inimical.
    -क्षणम् ind. at every moment or instant, constantly; प्रतिक्षणं संभ्रमलोलदृष्टि- र्लीलारविन्देन निवारयन्ती Ku.3.56.
    -क्षपम् ind. everynight.
    -गजः a hostile elephant
    -गात्रम् ind. in very limb.
    -गिरिः 1 an opposite mountain.
    -2 an inferior mountain.
    -गृहम्, -गेहम् ind. in every house.
    -ग्रामम् ind. in every village.
    -चक्रम् a hostile army.
    -चन्द्रः a mock moon; paraselene.
    -चरणम् ind.
    1 in every (Vedic) school or branch.
    -2 at every foot-step.
    -छाया, -यिका 1 a reflected image, reflection, shadow; रूपं प्रतिच्छायिक- योपनीतम् N.6.45.
    -2 an image, picture.
    -जङ्घा the forepart of the leg.
    -जिह्वा, -जिह्विका the soft palate,
    -तन्त्रम् ind. according to each Tantra or opinion.
    -तन्त्र- सिद्धान्तः a conclusion adopted by one of the disputants only; (वादिप्रतिवाद्येकतरमात्राभ्युपगतः).
    -त्र्यहम् ind. for three days at a time.
    -दण्ड a. Ved. disobedient.
    -दिनम् ind. every day; राशीभूतः प्रतिदिनमिव त्र्यम्बकस्याट्टहासः Me.6.
    -दिशम् ind. in every direction, all round, every- where.
    -दूतः a messenger sent in return.
    -देवता a corresponding deity; गताः कलाः पञ्चदश प्रतिष्ठा देवाश्च सर्वे प्रतिदेवतासु Muṇḍa.3.2.7.
    -देशम् ind. in every country.
    -देहम् ind. in every body.
    -दैवतम् ind. for every deity.
    -द्वन्द्वः 1 an antagonist, opponent, adversary, rival.
    -2 an enemy. (
    -द्वम्) opposition, hostility.
    -द्वन्द्विन् a.
    1 hostile, inimical.
    -2 adverse (प्रतिकूल); कृतान्तदुर्वृत्त इवापरेषां पुरः प्रतिद्वन्द्विनि पाण्डवास्त्रे Ki.16.29.
    -3 rivalling, vying with; किसलयोद्भेदप्रतिद्वन्दिभिः (करतलैः) Ś.4.5. (-m.) an opponent, adversary, rival; तुल्यप्रति- द्वन्द्वि बभूव युद्धम् R.7.37.;15.25.
    -द्वारम् ind. at every gate.
    -धुरः a horse harnessed by the side of another.
    -नप्तृ m. great-grandson, a son's grandson.
    -नव a.
    1 new, young, fresh.
    -2 newly blown budded; सान्ध्यं तेजः प्रतिनवजपापुष्परक्तं दधानः Me.38.
    -नाडी a branch-vein.
    -नायकः the adversary of the hero of any poetic com- position; धीरोद्धतः पापकारी व्यसनी प्रतिनायकः S. D., as रावण in the Rāmāyaṇa, शिशुपाल in Māgha-Kāvya &c.
    -नारी, -पत्नी, -युवतिः a female rival; Śi.7.45.
    -निनादः = प्रतिध्वनिः q. v.
    -न्यायम् ind. in inverted order; पुनः प्रतिन्यायं प्रतियोन्याद्रवति स्वप्नायैव Bṛi. Up.4.3.15.
    -पक्ष a. like, similar.
    (-क्षः) 1 the opposite side, party or faction, hostility; विमृश्य पक्षप्रतिपक्षाभ्यामवधारणं नियमः Gaut. S,
    -2 an adversary, enemy, foe, rival; प्रति- पक्षकामिनी, -लक्ष्मी 'a rival wife'; Bv.2.64; दासीकृतायाः प्रति- पक्षलक्ष्याः Vikr.1.73; प्रतिपक्षमशक्तेन प्रतिकर्तुम् K. P.1; Vikr.1.7; often used in comp. in the sense of 'equal' or 'similar'.
    -3 remedy, expiation; यादवस्य पापस्य प्रतिपक्षमुपदिशामि Nāg.5.
    -4 a defendant or respondent (in law). ˚ता
    1 hostility, opposition.
    -2 obstacle.
    -पक्षित a.
    1 containing a contradiction.
    -2 nullified by a contradictory premise; (as a hetu in न्याय); cf. सत्प्रतिपक्ष.
    -पक्षिन् m. an opponent, adversary.
    -पण्यम् merchandise in exchange; Buddh.
    -प्रथम् ind. along the road, towards the way; प्रतिपथगतिरासीद् वेगदीर्घीकृताङ्गः Ku.3.76.
    -पदम् ind.
    1 at evry stop.
    -2 at every place, everywhere.
    -3 expressly.
    -4 in every word; प्रतिपदाख्याने तु गौरवं परिहरद्भिर्वृत्तिकारैः सर्वसामान्यः शब्दः प्रति- गृहीतः प्रकृतिवदिति ŚB. on MS.8.1.2.
    -पल्लवः an opposite or outstretched branch; R.
    -पाणः 1 a stake.
    -2 a counter-pledge.
    -3 a counter-stake; Mb.3.
    -पादम् ind. in each quarter.
    -पात्रम् ind. with regard to each part, of each character; प्रतिपात्रमाधीयतां यत्नः Ś.1 'let care be taken of each character'.
    -पादपम् ind. in every tree.
    -पाप a. returning sin for sin, requiting evil for evil.
    -पु(पू)रुषः 1 a like or similar man.
    -2 a substitute, deputy.
    -3 a companion.
    -4 the effigy of a man pushed by thieves into the interior of a house before entering it themselves (to ascertain if any body is awake).
    -5 an effigy in general. (
    -षम्) ind. man by man, for each man.
    -पुस्तकम् a copy of an original manuscript.
    -पूर्वाह्णम् ind. every forenoon.
    -प्रति a. counter-balancing, equal to.
    -प्रभातम् ind. every morning.
    -प्रसवः 1 (As opposed to अनुप्रसव) tracing causes back to the origin as -- a pot, a lump of mud, mud, clay, Pātañjala Yogadarśana.
    -2 Negation of (or exception to) a negation. The force of a प्रतिप्रसव is positive, limiting as it does the scope of a प्रतिषेध or negation. Hence it is just the opposite of परिसंख्या whose force is negative or exclusive since it limits the scope of a positive statement. प्रतिप्रसवो$यं न परिसंख्या ŚB. on MS.1.7.45.
    -प्रकारः an outer wall or rampart.
    -प्रियम् a kindness or service in return; प्रतिप्रियं चेद् भवतो न कुर्यां वृथा हि मे स्यात् स्वपदोपलब्धिः R.5.56.
    -बन्धुः an equal in rank or station; Mb.5.121.13.
    -बलः a.
    1 able, powerful.
    -2 equal in strength, equally matched or powerful.
    (-लम्) 1 a hostile army; अस्त्रज्वालावलीढप्रतिबलजलधेरन्तरौर्वायमाणे Ve.3.7.
    -2 strength.
    -बाहु 1 the forepart of the arm.
    -2 an opposite side (in a square or polygon).
    -बि (वि) म्बः, -म्बम् 1 a reflection, reflected image; ज्योतिषां प्रतिबिम्बानि प्राप्नु- वन्त्युपहारताम् Ku.6.42; Śi.9.18.
    -2 an image, a picture.
    -बीजम् a rotten seed.
    -भट a. vying with, rivalling; घटप्रतिभटस्तनि N.13.5.
    (-टः) 1 a rival, an opponent; निवासः कन्दर्पप्रतिभटजटाजूटभवने G. L.21.
    -2 a warrior on the opposite side; समालोक्याजौ त्वां विदधति विकल्पान् प्रतिभटाः K. P.1.
    -भय a.
    1 fearful, formidable, terrible, frightful.
    -2 dangerous; स्वगृहोद्यानगते$पि स्निग्धैः पापं विशङ्क्यते मोहात् । किमु दृष्टबह्वपायप्रतिभयकान्तारमध्यस्थे ॥ Pt.2.171; Nāg.5.1.; Bhāg.1.6.14. (
    -यम्) a danger; सुनन्द, श्रुतं मया संनिहितगरुडप्रतिभयमुद्देशं जामाता जीमूतवाहनो गतः Nāg.5.
    -भैरव a. dreadful.
    -मञ्चः a kind of measure (in music.)
    -मञ्चाः Platforms opposite to each other; दशभागिकौ द्वौ प्रतिमञ्चौ Kau. A.2.3.21.
    -मण्डलम् 1 a secondary disc (of the sun &c.).
    -2 an eccentric orbit.
    -मन्दिरम् ind. in every house.
    -मल्लः an antagonist, a rival; उपेयिवांसं प्रतिमल्लतां रयस्मये जितस्य प्रसभं गरुत्मतः N.1.63; पातालप्रतिमल्लगल्ल &c. Māl.5.22.
    -मानना worship (पूजा); स्पर्शमशुचिवपुरर्हति न प्रतिमाननां तु नितरां नृपोचिताम् Śi.15.35.
    -माया a counter-spell or charm; प्रतिमाया कृतं च तत् Mb.1.34.22.
    -मार्गः the way back; Mb.4.
    -मार्गम् ind. back, back- wards.
    -माला capping verses (Mar. भंडी).
    -मासम् ind. every month, monthly.
    -मित्रम् an enemy, adversary.
    -मुख a. standing before the face, facing; प्रतिमुखागत Ms.8.291.
    -2 near, present. (
    -खम्) a secondary plot or incident in a drama which tends either to hasten or retard the catastrophe; see S. D.334 and 351-364. (
    -खम्) ind.
    1 towards.
    -2 in front, before.
    -मुखरी a particular mode of drumming.
    -मुद्रा 1 a counter- seal.
    -2 the impression of a seal.
    -मुहूर्तम् ind. every moment.
    -मूर्तिः f. an image, a likeness.
    -मूषिका f. a musk-rat (Mar. चिचुंदरी).
    -यूथपः the leader of a hostile herd of elephants.
    -रथः an adversary in war (lit. in fighting in a war-chariot); दौष्यन्तिमप्रतिरथं तनयं निवेश्य Ś.4.2.
    -रथ्यम् in every road; अस्मिन् नगरे प्रतिरथ्यं भुजङ्गबद्धसंचारे Udb.
    -रवः, -ध्वनिः 1 an echo; प्रतिरवविततो वनानि चक्रे Ki.1.4.
    -2 quarrel; controversy.
    -3 (Ved.) life (प्राण).
    -रसितम् an echo; केनास्मत् सिंह- नादप्रतिरसितसखो दुन्दुभिस्ताड्यते$यम् Ve.1.22.
    -राजः a hostile king.
    -रात्रम् ind. every night.
    -रूप a.
    1 corresponding, similar, having a counter-part in; अग्निर्यथैको भुवनं प्रविष्टो रूपं रूपं प्रतिरूपो बभूव Kaṭh.2.2.9.
    -2 beautiful.
    -3 suitable, proper; इदं न प्रतिरूपं ते स्त्रीष्वदाक्षिण्यमीदृशम् Bu. Ch.4.66; आत्मनः प्रतिरूपं सा बभाषे चारुहासिनी Rām.4. 19.17.
    -4 facing (अभिमुख); प्रतिरूपं जनं कुर्यान्न चेत् तद् वर्तते यथा Mb.12.97.16 (com. प्रतिरूपं युद्धाभिमुखम्).
    (-पम्) 1 a picture, an image, a likeness.
    -2 a mirror-like reflecting object; अदर्शनं स्वशिरसः प्रतिरूपे च सत्यपि Bhāg. 1.42.28.
    -4 an object of comparison (उपमान); भवान्मे खलु भक्तानां सर्वेषां प्रतिरूपधृक् Bhāg.7.1.21.
    -रूपक a. resembling, similar (at the end of comp.); जहीमान् राक्षसान् पापानात्मनः प्रतिरूपकान् Mb.3.29.11; चेष्टाप्रतिरूपिका मनोवृत्तिः Ś.1.
    (-कम्) 1 a picture, an image; अग्निदैर्गर- दैश्चैव प्रतिरूपककारकैः Mb.12.59.49.
    -2 a forged edict; जर्जरं चास्य विषयं कुर्वन्ति प्रतिरूपकैः Mb.12.56.52.
    -3 a reflec- tion.
    -लक्षणम् a mark, sign, token.
    -लिपिः f. a tran- script, a written copy.
    -लेखः a writ of reply; प्रावृत्तिकश्च प्रतिलेख एव Kau. A.2.1.28.
    -लोम a.
    1 'against the hair or grain', contray to the natural order, inverted, reverse (opp. अनुलोम); नववर्षसहस्राक्षः प्रतिलोमो$भवद् गुरुः Bhāg.12.14.15.
    -2 contrary to caste (said of the issue of a woman who is of a higher caste than her husband).
    -3 hostile.
    -4 low, vile, base.
    -5 left (वाम).
    -6 obstinate, perverse; अपरिचितस्यापि ते$प्रतिलोमः संवृत्तः Ś.7.
    -7 disagreeable, unpleasant. (
    -मम्) any injurious or unpleasant act. (
    -मम्) ind. 'against the hair or grain', inversely, invertedly. ˚ज a. born in the inverse order of the castes; i. e. born of a mother who is of a higher caste than the father; cf. Ms.1.16,25.
    -लोमक a. reverse, inverted; राजन्यविप्रयोः कस्माद् विवाहः प्रतिलोमकः Bhāg.9.18.5.
    -कम् inverted order.
    -लोमतः ind.
    1 in consequence of the inverted order or course; Ms.1.68.
    -2 in an unfriendly manner; यदा बहुविधां वृद्धिं मन्येत प्रतिलोमतः Mb.12.13.39.
    -वत्सरम् ind. every year.
    -वनम् ind. in every forest.
    -वर्णिक a. similar, corresponding.
    -वर्धिन् a. being a match for.
    -वर्षम् ind. every year.
    -वस्तु n.
    1 an equivalent, a counter- part.
    -2 anything given in return.
    -3 a parallel. ˚उपमा a figure of speech thus defined by Mammaṭa:-- प्रतिवस्तूपमा तु सा ॥ सामान्यस्य द्विरेकस्य यत्र वाक्यद्वये स्थितिः । K. P.1; e. g. तापेन भ्राजते सूर्यः शूरश्चापेन राजते Chandr.5. 48.
    -वातः a contrary wind; प्रतिवाते$नुवाते च नासीत गुरुणा सह Ms.2.23. (
    -तम्) ind. against the wind; चीनांशुक- मिव केतोः प्रतिवातं नीयमानस्य Ś.1.33.
    -वारणः a hostile elephant.
    -वासरम् ind. every day.
    -विटपम् ind.
    1 on every branch.
    -2 branch by branch.
    -विषम् an anti- dote. (
    -षा) a birch tree.
    -विष्णुकः a Muchakunda tree.
    -वीरः an opponent, antagonist.
    -वीर्यम् being equal to or a match for.
    -वृषः a hostile bull.
    -वेलम् ind. at each time, on every occasion.
    -वेशः 1 a neighbouring house, neighbourhood.
    -2 a neighbour.
    -वेशिन् a. a neigh- bour; दृष्ट्वा प्रभातसमये प्रतिवेशिवर्गः Mk.3.14.
    -वेश्मन् n. a neighbour's house.
    -वेश्यः a neighbour.
    -वैरम् re- quital of hostilities revenge.
    -शब्दः 1 echo, reverbera- tion; वसुधाधरकन्दराभिसर्पी प्रतिशब्दो$पि हरेर्भिनत्ति नागान् V. 1.16; Ku.6.64; R.2.28.
    -2 a roar.
    -शशिन् m. a mock-moon.
    -शाखम् ind. for every branch or school (of the Veda).
    -शाखा a side-branch; महाभूतविशेषश्च विशेषप्रतिशाखवान् Mb.14.35.21.
    -संवत्सरम् ind. every year.
    -सङ्गक्षिका 1 a cloak to keep off the dust; Buddh.
    -संदेशः a reply to the message; दर्पसारस्य प्रति- संदेशमावेदयत् D. K.2.1.
    -सम a. equal to, a match for.
    -सव्य a. in an inverted order.
    -सामन्तः an enemy.
    -सायम् ind. every evening.
    -सूर्यः, -सूर्यकः 1 a mock-sun.
    -2 a lizard, chameleon; 'कृकलासस्तु सरटः प्रतिसूर्यः शयानकः ।' Hemchandra; तृष्यद्भिः प्रतिसूर्यकैरजगरस्वेदद्रवः पीयते U.2.16.
    -सेना, सैन्यम् a hostile army; निहतां प्रतिसैन्येन वडवामिव पातिताम् Rām.2.114.17.
    -स्थानम् ind. in every place, everywhere.
    -स्मृतिः N. of parti- cular kind of magic; गृहाणेमां मया प्रोक्तां सिद्धिं मूर्तिमतीमिव । विद्यां प्रतिस्मृतिं नाम Mb.3.36.3.
    -स्रोतस् ind. against the stream; सरस्वतीं प्रतिस्रोतं ययौ ब्राह्मणसंवृतः Bhāg.1.78. 18. -a. going against the stream; अथासाद्य तु कालिन्दी प्रतिस्रोतः समागताम् Rām.2.55.5.
    -हस्तः, -हस्तकः a deputy, an agent, substitute, proxy; आश्रितानां भृतौ स्वामिसेवायां धर्मसेवने । पुत्रस्योत्पादने चैव न सन्ति प्रतिहस्तकाः ॥ H.2.33.
    -हस्तीकृ to take; Pratijñā 3.
    -हस्तिन् the keeper of a brothel; Dk.2.2.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > प्रति _prati

  • 5 leader

    n
    1) руководитель; глава; лидер; вождь
    2) передовая статья, передовица
    •

    to stick with one's leader — сохранять верность своему лидеру

    to take over as party leader — приходить к руководству партией; принимать обязанности лидера партии

    - adviser to a military leader
    - all-powerful leader
    - authoritative leader
    - block leader
    - caretaker leader
    - change of leaders
    - charismatic leader
    - church leader
    - civil rights leader
    - community leader
    - Congressional leader
    - conservative leader
    - coup leader
    - de facto leader
    - decisive leader
    - deputy leader
    - divided leaders
    - effective leader
    - embattled leader
    - experienced leader
    - fall of a leader
    - floor leader
    - group leader
    - high-ranking party leader
    - ideological leader
    - in defiance of their leader
    - incoming leader
    - industrial leader
    - key Arab leaders
    - labor leader
    - leader of a mutiny
    - leader of Congress
    - leader of the House of Commons
    - leader of the House of Lords
    - leader of the Senate
    - leader-in-waiting
    - leaders of the disturbances
    - leaders of the government
    - leftist political leader
    - longtime leader
    - majority leader
    - media leaders
    - militarist leaders
    - military leader
    - minority leader
    - moderate leader
    - national leader
    - opinion leaders
    - opposition leader
    - outstanding leader
    - parliamentary leader
    - party leaders
    - political leader
    - popular leader
    - popularly elected leader
    - powerful leader
    - progressive leader
    - progressive-minded leader
    - prominent leader
    - protest leader
    - public leader
    - radical leader
    - rebel military leader
    - recognized leader
    - reform-minded leader
    - regime leaders
    - religious leader
    - removal of political leaders
    - rightful leader
    - second-ranking leader
    - self-proclaimed leader
    - Senate majority leader
    - spiritual leader
    - state leader
    - stop-gap leader
    - strike leader
    - strong leader
    - stuck-in-the-mud political leader
    - supreme leader
    - team leader
    - titular leader
    - top leaders
    - top political leaders
    - trade-union leaders
    - underground leaders of an uprising
    - undisputed leader
    - union leader
    - war leader
    - weak leader
    - worthy leader
    - youth leader

    Politics english-russian dictionary > leader

  • 6 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 7 dimisión

    f.
    1 resignation, abdication, relinquishment.
    2 act of resignation, resignation.
    * * *
    1 resignation
    \
    presentar la dimisión to hand in one's resignation
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *

    presentar la dimisión — to hand in o submit one's resignation

    * * *
    femenino resignation

    presentó su dimisión — he handed in o (frml) tendered his resignation

    * * *
    Ex. The deputy librarian's duties are to take the place of the director in his absence and to deal with matters such as interviews, appointments and resignations.
    * * *
    femenino resignation

    presentó su dimisión — he handed in o (frml) tendered his resignation

    * * *

    Ex: The deputy librarian's duties are to take the place of the director in his absence and to deal with matters such as interviews, appointments and resignations.

    * * *
    resignation
    presentó su dimisión he handed in o tendered o submitted his resignation
    * * *

    dimisión sustantivo femenino
    resignation
    dimisión sustantivo masculino resignation
    presentar la dimisión, to turn in one's resignation
    ' dimisión' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cese
    - colear
    - detonante
    - eco
    - golpe
    - implicación
    - presentar
    - propagar
    - protagonismo
    - salpicar
    - segura
    - seguro
    - renuncia
    English:
    bolt
    - hand in
    - notice
    - resignation
    - tender
    - call
    * * *
    resignation;
    aceptar la dimisión de alguien to accept sb's resignation;
    presentar la dimisión to hand in one's resignation;
    la oposición ha solicitado su dimisión the opposition has called for her resignation
    * * *
    f resignation;
    presentar su dimisión hand in one’s resignation
    * * *
    dimisión nf, pl - siones : resignation
    * * *
    dimisión n resignation

    Spanish-English dictionary > dimisión

  • 8 Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira

    (1889-1970)
       The Coimbra University professor of finance and economics and one of the founders of the Estado Novo, who came to dominate Western Europe's longest surviving authoritarian system. Salazar was born on 28 April 1889, in Vimieiro, Beira Alta province, the son of a peasant estate manager and a shopkeeper. Most of his first 39 years were spent as a student, and later as a teacher in a secondary school and a professor at Coimbra University's law school. Nine formative years were spent at Viseu's Catholic Seminary (1900-09), preparing for the Catholic priesthood, but the serious, studious Salazar decided to enter Coimbra University instead in 1910, the year the Braganza monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the First Republic. Salazar received some of the highest marks of his generation of students and, in 1918, was awarded a doctoral degree in finance and economics. Pleading inexperience, Salazar rejected an invitation in August 1918 to become finance minister in the "New Republic" government of President Sidónio Pais.
       As a celebrated academic who was deeply involved in Coimbra University politics, publishing works on the troubled finances of the besieged First Republic, and a leader of Catholic organizations, Sala-zar was not as modest, reclusive, or unknown as later official propaganda led the public to believe. In 1921, as a Catholic deputy, he briefly served in the First Republic's turbulent congress (parliament) but resigned shortly after witnessing but one stormy session. Salazar taught at Coimbra University as of 1916, and continued teaching until April 1928. When the military overthrew the First Republic in May 1926, Salazar was offered the Ministry of Finance and held office for several days. The ascetic academic, however, resigned his post when he discovered the degree of disorder in Lisbon's government and when his demands for budget authority were rejected.
       As the military dictatorship failed to reform finances in the following years, Salazar was reinvited to become minister of finances in April 1928. Since his conditions for acceptance—authority over all budget expenditures, among other powers—were accepted, Salazar entered the government. Using the Ministry of Finance as a power base, following several years of successful financial reforms, Salazar was named interim minister of colonies (1930) and soon garnered sufficient prestige and authority to become head of the entire government. In July 1932, Salazar was named prime minister, the first civilian to hold that post since the 1926 military coup.
       Salazar gathered around him a team of largely academic experts in the cabinet during the period 1930-33. His government featured several key policies: Portuguese nationalism, colonialism (rebuilding an empire in shambles), Catholicism, and conservative fiscal management. Salazar's government came to be called the Estado Novo. It went through three basic phases during Salazar's long tenure in office, and Salazar's role underwent changes as well. In the early years (1928-44), Salazar and the Estado Novo enjoyed greater vigor and popularity than later. During the middle years (1944—58), the regime's popularity waned, methods of repression increased and hardened, and Salazar grew more dogmatic in his policies and ways. During the late years (1958-68), the regime experienced its most serious colonial problems, ruling circles—including Salazar—aged and increasingly failed, and opposition burgeoned and grew bolder.
       Salazar's plans for stabilizing the economy and strengthening social and financial programs were shaken with the impact of the civil war (1936-39) in neighboring Spain. Salazar strongly supported General Francisco Franco's Nationalist rebels, the eventual victors in the war. But, as the civil war ended and World War II began in September 1939, Salazar's domestic plans had to be adjusted. As Salazar came to monopolize Lisbon's power and authority—indeed to embody the Estado Novo itself—during crises that threatened the future of the regime, he assumed ever more key cabinet posts. At various times between 1936 and 1944, he took over the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of War (Defense), until the crises passed. At the end of the exhausting period of World War II, there were rumors that the former professor would resign from government and return to Coimbra University, but Salazar continued as the increasingly isolated, dominating "recluse of São Bento," that part of the parliament's buildings housing the prime minister's offices and residence.
       Salazar dominated the Estado Novo's government in several ways: in day-to-day governance, although this diminished as he delegated wider powers to others after 1944, and in long-range policy decisions, as well as in the spirit and image of the system. He also launched and dominated the single party, the União Nacional. A lifelong bachelor who had once stated that he could not leave for Lisbon because he had to care for his aged mother, Salazar never married, but lived with a beloved housekeeper from his Coimbra years and two adopted daughters. During his 36-year tenure as prime minister, Salazar engineered the important cabinet reshuffles that reflect the history of the Estado Novo and of Portugal.
       A number of times, in connection with significant events, Salazar decided on important cabinet officer changes: 11 April 1933 (the adoption of the Estado Novo's new 1933 Constitution); 18 January 1936 (the approach of civil war in Spain and the growing threat of international intervention in Iberian affairs during the unstable Second Spanish Republic of 1931-36); 4 September 1944 (the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy and the increasing likelihood of a defeat of the Fascists by the Allies, which included the Soviet Union); 14 August 1958 (increased domestic dissent and opposition following the May-June 1958 presidential elections in which oppositionist and former regime stalwart-loyalist General Humberto Delgado garnered at least 25 percent of the national vote, but lost to regime candidate, Admiral Américo Tomás); 13 April 1961 (following the shock of anticolonial African insurgency in Portugal's colony of Angola in January-February 1961, the oppositionist hijacking of a Portuguese ocean liner off South America by Henrique Galvão, and an abortive military coup that failed to oust Salazar from office); and 19 August 1968 (the aging of key leaders in the government, including the now gravely ill Salazar, and the defection of key younger followers).
       In response to the 1961 crisis in Africa and to threats to Portuguese India from the Indian government, Salazar assumed the post of minister of defense (April 1961-December 1962). The failing leader, whose true state of health was kept from the public for as long as possible, appointed a group of younger cabinet officers in the 1960s, but no likely successors were groomed to take his place. Two of the older generation, Teotónio Pereira, who was in bad health, and Marcello Caetano, who preferred to remain at the University of Lisbon or in private law practice, remained in the political wilderness.
       As the colonial wars in three African territories grew more costly, Salazar became more isolated from reality. On 3 August 1968, while resting at his summer residence, the Fortress of São João do Estoril outside Lisbon, a deck chair collapsed beneath Salazar and his head struck the hard floor. Some weeks later, as a result, Salazar was incapacitated by a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage, was hospitalized, and became an invalid. While hesitating to fill the power vacuum that had unexpectedly appeared, President Tomás finally replaced Salazar as prime minister on 27 September 1968, with his former protégé and colleague, Marcello Caetano. Salazar was not informed that he no longer headed the government, but he never recovered his health. On 27 July 1970, Salazar died in Lisbon and was buried at Santa Comba Dão, Vimieiro, his village and place of birth.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira

  • 9 hold

    hold [həʊld]
    tenir ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (f), 1B (a), 1B (b), 1D (b), 1D (d), 2 (d) avoir ⇒ 1A (c) retenir ⇒ 1A (e), 1C (b) contenir ⇒ 1A (f) exercer ⇒ 1A (g) réserver ⇒ 1A (e), 1A (h) conserver ⇒ 1A (i) stocker ⇒ 1A (i) maintenir ⇒ 1B (a) détenir ⇒ 1A (i), 1C (a) croire ⇒ 1D (a) continuer ⇒ 1D (e) se tenir ⇒ 2 (a) tenir bon ⇒ 2 (b) durer ⇒ 2 (c) attendre ⇒ 2 (f) prise ⇒ 3D (a)-(c) en attente ⇒ 4D
    (pt & pp held [held])
    A.
    (a) (clasp, grasp) tenir;
    ∎ to hold sth in one's hand (book, clothing, guitar) avoir qch à la main; (key, money) tenir qch dans la main;
    ∎ to hold sth with both hands tenir qch à deux mains;
    ∎ will you hold my coat a second? peux-tu prendre ou tenir mon manteau un instant?;
    ∎ to hold the door for sb tenir la porte à ou pour qn;
    ∎ also figurative to hold sb's hand tenir la main à qn;
    ∎ to hold hands se donner la main, se tenir (par) la main;
    ∎ hold my hand while we cross the street donne-moi la main pour traverser la rue;
    ∎ to hold sb in one's arms tenir qn dans ses bras;
    ∎ to hold sb close or tight serrer qn contre soi;
    ∎ hold it tight and don't let go tiens-le bien et ne le lâche pas;
    ∎ to hold one's nose se boucher le nez;
    ∎ to hold one's sides with laughter se tenir les côtes de rire
    (b) (keep, sustain)
    ∎ to hold sb's attention/interest retenir l'attention de qn;
    ∎ the film doesn't hold the attention for long le film ne retient pas l'attention très longtemps;
    ∎ to hold an audience tenir un auditoire;
    ∎ to hold one's serve (in tennis) défendre son service;
    ∎ Politics to hold a seat (to be an MP) occuper un siège de député; (to be re-elected) être réélu;
    ∎ to hold one's own se défendre, bien se débrouiller;
    ∎ the Prime Minister held her own during the debate le Premier ministre a tenu bon ou ferme pendant le débat;
    ∎ she is well able to hold her own elle sait se défendre;
    ∎ he can hold his own in chess il se défend bien aux échecs;
    ∎ our products hold their own against the competition nos produits se tiennent bien par rapport à la concurrence;
    ∎ to hold the floor garder la parole;
    ∎ the senator held the floor for an hour le sénateur a gardé la parole pendant une heure
    (c) (have, possess → degree, permit, ticket) avoir, posséder; (→ job, position) avoir, occuper;
    ∎ do you hold a clean driving licence? avez-vous déjà été sanctionné pour des infractions au code de la route?;
    ∎ she holds the post of treasurer elle occupe le poste de trésorière;
    ∎ to hold office (chairperson, deputy) être en fonction, remplir sa fonction; (minister) détenir ou avoir un portefeuille; (political party, president) être au pouvoir ou au gouvernement;
    ∎ Religion to hold a living jouir d'un bénéfice;
    ∎ Finance to hold stock or shares détenir ou avoir des actions;
    ∎ to hold 5 percent of the shares in a company détenir 5 pour cent du capital d'une société;
    ∎ also figurative to hold a record détenir un record;
    ∎ she holds the world record for the javelin elle détient le record mondial du javelot
    ∎ the guerrillas held the bridge for several hours les guérilleros ont tenu le pont plusieurs heures durant;
    ∎ Military to hold the enemy contenir l'ennemi;
    ∎ figurative to hold centre stage occuper le centre de la scène;
    ∎ hold it!, hold everything! (stop and wait) attendez!; (stay still) arrêtez!, ne bougez plus!;
    ∎ familiar figurative hold your horses! pas si vite!
    (e) (reserve, set aside) retenir, réserver;
    ∎ we'll hold the book for you until next week nous vous réserverons le livre ou nous vous mettrons le livre de côté jusqu'à la semaine prochaine;
    ∎ will the restaurant hold the table for us? est-ce que le restaurant va nous garder la table?
    (f) (contain) contenir, tenir;
    ∎ this bottle holds 2 litres cette bouteille contient 2 litres;
    ∎ will this suitcase hold all our clothes? est-ce que cette valise sera assez grande pour tous nos vêtements?;
    ∎ the car is too small to hold us all la voiture est trop petite pour qu'on y tienne tous;
    ∎ the hall holds a maximum of 250 people la salle peut accueillir ou recevoir 250 personnes au maximum, il y a de la place pour 250 personnes au maximum dans cette salle;
    ∎ to hold one's drink bien supporter l'alcool;
    ∎ the letter holds the key to the murder la lettre contient la clé du meurtre
    (g) (have, exercise) exercer;
    ∎ the subject holds a huge fascination for some people le sujet exerce une énorme fascination sur certaines personnes;
    ∎ sport held no interest for them pour eux, le sport ne présentait aucun intérêt
    (h) (have in store) réserver;
    ∎ who knows what the future may hold? qui sait ce que nous réserve l'avenir?
    (i) (conserve, store) conserver, détenir; Computing stocker;
    ∎ we can't hold this data forever nous ne pouvons pas conserver ou stocker ces données éternellement;
    ∎ how much data will this disk hold? quelle quantité de données cette disquette peut-elle stocker?;
    ∎ the commands are held in the memory/in a temporary buffer les instructions sont gardées en mémoire/sont enregistrées dans une mémoire intermédiaire;
    ∎ my lawyer holds a copy of my will mon avocat détient ou conserve un exemplaire de mon testament;
    ∎ this photo holds fond memories for me cette photo me rappelle de bons souvenirs
    ∎ the new car holds the road well la nouvelle voiture tient bien la route
    B.
    (a) (maintain in position) tenir, maintenir;
    ∎ she held her arms by her sides elle avait les bras le long du corps;
    ∎ her hair was held in place with hairpins des épingles (à cheveux) retenaient ou maintenaient ses cheveux;
    ∎ what's holding the picture in place? qu'est-ce qui tient ou maintient le tableau en place?;
    ∎ hold the picture a bit higher tenez le tableau un peu plus haut
    (b) (carry) tenir;
    ∎ to hold oneself upright or erect se tenir droit;
    ∎ also figurative to hold one's head high garder la tête haute
    C.
    (a) (confine, detain) détenir;
    ∎ the police are holding him for questioning la police l'a gardé à vue pour l'interroger;
    ∎ they're holding him for murder ils l'ont arrêté pour meurtre;
    ∎ she was held without trial for six weeks elle est restée en prison six semaines sans avoir été jugée
    (b) (keep back, retain) retenir;
    ∎ Law to hold sth in trust for sb tenir qch par fidéicommis pour qn;
    ∎ the post office will hold my mail for me while I'm away la poste gardera mon courrier pendant mon absence;
    ∎ figurative once she starts talking politics there's no holding her! dès qu'elle commence à parler politique, rien ne peut l'arrêter!;
    ∎ American one burger, hold the mustard! (in restaurant) un hamburger, sans moutarde!
    ∎ don't hold dinner for me ne m'attendez pas pour dîner;
    ∎ they held the plane another thirty minutes ils ont retenu l'avion au sol pendant encore trente minutes;
    ∎ hold all decisions on the project until I get back attendez mon retour pour prendre des décisions concernant le projet;
    ∎ hold the front page! ne lancez pas la une tout de suite!;
    ∎ hold the lift! ne laissez pas les portes de l'ascenseur se refermer, j'arrive!
    ∎ we have held costs to a minimum nous avons limité nos frais au minimum;
    ∎ inflation has been held at the same level for several months le taux d'inflation est maintenu au même niveau depuis plusieurs mois;
    ∎ they held their opponents to a goalless draw ils ont réussi à imposer le match nul
    D.
    (a) (assert, claim) maintenir, soutenir; (believe) croire, considérer;
    ∎ formal I hold that teachers should be better paid je considère ou j'estime que les enseignants devraient être mieux payés;
    ∎ the Constitution holds that all men are free la Constitution stipule que tous les hommes sont libres;
    ∎ he holds strong beliefs on the subject of abortion il a de solides convictions en ce qui concerne l'avortement;
    ∎ she holds strong views on the subject elle a une opinion bien arrêtée sur le sujet;
    ∎ her statement is held to be true sa déclaration passe pour vraie
    (b) (consider, regard) tenir, considérer;
    ∎ to hold sb responsible for sth tenir qn pour responsable de qch;
    ∎ I'll hold you responsible if anything goes wrong je vous tiendrai pour responsable ou je vous considérerai responsable s'il y a le moindre incident;
    ∎ the president is to be held accountable for his actions le président doit répondre de ses actes;
    ∎ to hold sb in contempt mépriser ou avoir du mépris pour qn;
    ∎ to hold sb in high esteem avoir beaucoup d'estime pour qn, tenir qn en haute estime
    (c) Law (judge) juger;
    ∎ the appeal court held the evidence to be insufficient la cour d'appel a considéré que les preuves étaient insuffisantes
    (d) (carry on, engage in → conversation, meeting) tenir; (→ party) donner; (organize) organiser;
    ∎ to hold an election/elections procéder à une élection/à des élections;
    ∎ the book fair is held in Frankfurt la foire du livre se tient ou a lieu à Francfort;
    ∎ the classes are held in the evening les cours ont lieu le soir;
    ∎ interviews will be held in early May les entretiens auront lieu au début du mois de mai ou début mai;
    ∎ to hold talks être en pourparlers;
    ∎ the city is holding a service for Armistice Day la ville organise un office pour commémorer le 11 novembre;
    ∎ mass is held at eleven o'clock la messe est célébrée à onze heures
    ∎ Nautical to hold course tenir la route;
    ∎ we held our southerly course nous avons maintenu le cap au sud, nous avons continué notre route vers le sud;
    ∎ Music to hold a note tenir une note
    ∎ will you hold (the line)? voulez-vous patienter?;
    ∎ hold the line! ne quittez pas!;
    ∎ the line's busy just now - I'll hold le poste est occupé pour le moment - je patiente ou je reste en ligne;
    ∎ hold all my calls ne me passez aucun appel
    (a) (cling → person) se tenir, s'accrocher;
    ∎ she held tight to the railing elle s'est cramponnée ou accrochée à la rampe;
    ∎ hold fast!, hold tight! accrochez-vous bien!;
    ∎ figurative their resolve held fast or firm in the face of fierce opposition ils ont tenu bon face à une opposition acharnée
    (b) (remain in place → nail, fastening) tenir bon;
    ∎ the rope won't hold for long la corde ne tiendra pas longtemps
    (c) (last → luck) durer; (→ weather) durer, se maintenir;
    ∎ prices held at the same level as last year les prix se sont maintenus au même niveau que l'année dernière;
    ∎ the pound held firm against the dollar la livre s'est maintenue par rapport au dollar;
    ∎ we might buy him a guitar if his interest in music holds nous lui achèterons peut-être une guitare s'il continue à s'intéresser à la musique
    (d) (remain valid → invitation, offer) tenir; (→ argument, theory) valoir, être valable;
    ∎ to hold good (invitation, offer) tenir; (promises) tenir, valoir; (argument, theory) rester valable;
    ∎ the principle still holds good le principe tient ou vaut toujours;
    ∎ that theory only holds if you consider... cette théorie n'est valable que si vous prenez en compte...;
    ∎ the same holds for Spain il en est de même pour l'Espagne
    (e) (stay, remain) familiar
    ∎ hold still! ne bougez pas!□
    (f) (on telephone) attendre;
    ∎ the line's British engaged or American busy, will you hold? la ligne est occupée, voulez-vous patienter?
    3 noun
    (a) (grasp, grip) prise f; (in wrestling) prise f; Boxing tenu m;
    ∎ to catch or to grab or to seize or to take hold of sth se saisir de ou saisir qch;
    ∎ she caught hold of the rope elle a saisi la corde;
    ∎ grab (a) hold of that towel tiens! prends cette serviette;
    ∎ there was nothing for me to grab hold of il n'y avait rien à quoi m'accrocher ou me cramponner;
    ∎ get a good or take a firm hold on or of the railing tenez-vous bien à la balustrade;
    ∎ I still had hold of his hand je le tenais toujours par la main;
    ∎ to get hold of sth (find) se procurer ou trouver qch;
    ∎ it's difficult to get hold of this book ce livre est difficile à trouver;
    ∎ we got hold of the book you wanted nous avons trouvé le livre que tu voulais;
    ∎ where did you get hold of that idea? où est-ce que tu es allé chercher cette idée?;
    ∎ to get hold of sb trouver qn;
    ∎ I've been trying to get hold of you all week! je t'ai cherché toute la semaine!;
    ∎ just wait till the newspapers get hold of the story attendez un peu que les journaux s'emparent de la nouvelle;
    ∎ she kept hold of the rope elle n'a pas lâché la corde;
    ∎ you'd better keep hold of the tickets tu ferais bien de garder les billets;
    ∎ get a hold on yourself ressaisis-toi, ne te laisse pas aller;
    ∎ to take hold (fire) prendre; (idea) se répandre;
    ∎ Sport & figurative no holds barred tous les coups sont permis
    (b) (controlling force or influence) prise f, influence f;
    ∎ the Church still exerts a strong hold on the country l'Église a toujours une forte mainmise sur le pays;
    ∎ to have a hold over sb avoir de l'influence sur qn;
    ∎ I have no hold over him je n'ai aucune prise ou influence sur lui;
    ∎ the Mafia obviously has some kind of hold over him de toute évidence, la Mafia le tient d'une manière ou d'une autre
    (c) (in climbing) prise f
    (d) (delay, pause) pause f, arrêt m;
    ∎ the company has put a hold on all new orders l'entreprise a suspendu ou gelé toutes les nouvelles commandes
    (e) American (order to reserve) réservation f;
    ∎ the association put a hold on all the hotel rooms l'association a réservé toutes les chambres de l'hôtel
    (f) (prison) prison f; (cell) cellule f; (fortress) place f forte
    (g) (store → in plane) soute f; (→ in ship) cale f
    (h) Music point m d'orgue
    (gen) & Telecommunications en attente;
    ∎ to put sb on hold mettre qn en attente;
    ∎ we've put the project on hold nous avons mis le projet en attente;
    ∎ the operator kept me on hold for ten minutes le standardiste m'a mis en attente pendant dix minutes
    ∎ to hold sth against sb en vouloir à qn de qch;
    ∎ his collaboration with the enemy will be held against him sa collaboration avec l'ennemi lui sera préjudiciable;
    ∎ he lied to her and she still holds it against him il lui a menti et elle lui en veut toujours;
    ∎ I hope you won't hold it against me if I decide not to accept j'espère que tu ne m'en voudras pas si je décide de ne pas accepter
    (a) (control, restrain → animal, person) retenir, tenir; (→ crowd, enemy forces) contenir; (→ anger, laughter, tears) retenir, réprimer; (→ inflation) contenir;
    ∎ the government has succeeded in holding back inflation le gouvernement a réussi à contenir l'inflation
    (b) (keep → money, supplies) retenir; figurative (→ information, truth) cacher, taire;
    ∎ she's holding something back from me elle me cache quelque chose
    ∎ they held her back a year ils lui ont fait redoubler une classe, ils l'ont fait redoubler
    (d) (prevent progress of) empêcher de progresser;
    ∎ his difficulties with maths are holding him back ses difficultés en maths l'empêchent de progresser;
    ∎ lack of investment is holding industry back l'absence d'investissements freine l'industrie
    (stay back) rester en arrière; figurative (restrain oneself) se retenir;
    ∎ he has held back from making a commitment il s'est abstenu de s'engager;
    ∎ the president held back before sending in the army le président a hésité avant d'envoyer les troupes;
    ∎ don't hold back, tell me everything vas-y, dis-moi tout
    (a) (keep in place → paper, carpet) maintenir en place; (→ person) forcer à rester par terre, maintenir au sol;
    ∎ it took four men to hold him down il a fallu quatre hommes pour le maîtriser ou pour le maintenir au sol
    (b) (keep to limit) restreindre, limiter;
    ∎ they're holding unemployment down to 4 percent ils maintiennent le taux de chômage à 4 pour cent;
    ∎ to hold prices down empêcher les prix de monter, empêcher la montée des prix
    ∎ to hold down a job (occupy) avoir un emploi; (keep) garder un emploi;
    ∎ he's never managed to hold down a job il n'a jamais pu garder un emploi bien longtemps;
    ∎ although she's a student, she holds down a full-time job bien qu'elle étudie, elle occupe un poste à plein temps
    (d) Computing (key, mouse button) maintenir enfoncé
    pérorer, disserter;
    ∎ he held forth on the evils of drink il a fait un long discours sur les conséquences néfastes de l'alcool
    (a) (stomach) rentrer
    (b) (emotion) retenir; (anger) contenir
    (a) (keep at distance) tenir à distance ou éloigné;
    ∎ the troops held off the enemy les troupes ont tenu l'ennemi à distance;
    ∎ they managed to hold off the attack ils ont réussi à repousser l'attaque;
    ∎ I can't hold the reporters off any longer je ne peux plus faire attendre ou patienter les journalistes
    (b) (delay, put off) remettre à plus tard;
    ∎ he held off going to see the doctor until May il a attendu le mois de mai pour aller voir le médecin;
    ∎ I held off making a decision j'ai remis la décision à plus tard
    ∎ at least the rain held off au moins il n'a pas plu
    (b) (abstain) s'abstenir;
    ∎ hold off from smoking for a few weeks abstenez-vous de fumer ou ne fumez pas pendant quelques semaines
    ➲ hold on
    (a) (grasp, grip) tenir bien, s'accrocher;
    ∎ to hold on to sth bien tenir qch, s'accrocher à qch, se cramponner à qch;
    ∎ hold on! accrochez-vous!;
    ∎ hold on to your hat! tenez votre chapeau (sur la tête)!
    ∎ hold on to this contract for me (keep it) garde-moi ce contrat;
    ∎ all politicians try to hold on to power tous les hommes politiques essaient de rester au pouvoir;
    ∎ hold on to your dreams/ideals accrochez-vous à vos rêves/idéaux
    (c) (continue, persevere) tenir, tenir le coup;
    ∎ how long can you hold on? combien de temps pouvez-vous tenir (le coup)?;
    ∎ I can't hold on much longer je ne peux pas tenir (le coup) beaucoup plus longtemps
    (d) (wait) attendre; (stop) arrêter;
    ∎ hold on just one minute! (stop) arrêtez!; (wait) attendez!, pas si vite!;
    ∎ hold on, how do I know I can trust you? attends un peu! qu'est-ce qui me prouve que je peux te faire confiance?;
    ∎ Telecommunications hold on please! ne quittez pas!;
    ∎ I had to hold on for several minutes j'ai dû patienter plusieurs minutes
    (maintain in place) tenir ou maintenir en place;
    ∎ her hat is held on with pins son chapeau est maintenu (en place) par des épingles
    (a) (last → supplies, stocks) durer;
    ∎ will the car hold out till we get home? la voiture tiendra-t-elle (le coup) jusqu'à ce qu'on rentre?
    (b) (refuse to yield) tenir bon, tenir le coup;
    ∎ the garrison held out for weeks la garnison a tenu bon pendant des semaines;
    ∎ the management held out against any suggested changes la direction a refusé tous les changements proposés
    (extend) tendre;
    ∎ she held out the book to him elle lui a tendu le livre;
    ∎ also figurative to hold out one's hand to sb tendre la main à qn;
    ∎ I held out my hand j'ai tendu la main;
    ∎ his mother held her arms out to him sa mère lui a ouvert ou tendu les bras
    (offer) offrir;
    ∎ I can't hold out any promise of improvement je ne peux promettre aucune amélioration;
    ∎ the doctors hold out little hope for him les médecins ont peu d'espoir pour lui;
    ∎ science holds out some hope for cancer patients la science offre un espoir pour les malades du cancer
    exiger;
    ∎ the workers held out for a shorter working week les ouvriers réclamaient une semaine de travail plus courte;
    ∎ we're holding out for a higher offer nous attendons qu'on nous en offre un meilleur prix
    ∎ you're holding out on me! tu me caches quelque chose!□
    (a) (position) tenir au-dessus de;
    ∎ she held the glass over the sink elle tenait le verre au-dessus de l'évier;
    ∎ figurative they hold the threat of redundancy over their workers ils maintiennent la menace de licenciement sur leurs ouvriers
    (b) (postpone) remettre, reporter;
    ∎ we'll hold these items over until the next meeting on va remettre ces questions à la prochaine réunion;
    ∎ payment was held over for six months le paiement a été différé pendant six mois
    (c) (retain) retenir, garder;
    ∎ they're holding the show over for another month ils vont laisser le spectacle à l'affiche encore un mois
    (d) Music tenir
    ➲ hold to
    (promise, tradition) s'en tenir à, rester fidèle à; (decision) maintenir, s'en tenir à;
    ∎ you must hold to your principles vous devez rester fidèle à vos principes
    ∎ we held him to his promise nous lui avons fait tenir parole;
    ∎ if I win, I'll buy you lunch - I'll hold you to that! si je gagne, je t'invite à déjeuner - je te prends au mot!
    (book, car) maintenir; (two objects) maintenir ensemble; (community, family) maintenir l'union de;
    ∎ the two pieces of wood are held together by nails les deux morceaux de bois sont cloués ensemble;
    ∎ we need a leader who can hold the workers together il nous faut un chef qui puisse rallier les ouvriers
    ➲ hold up
    (a) (lift, raise) lever, élever;
    ∎ I held up my hand j'ai levé la main;
    ∎ hold the picture up to the light tenez la photo à contre-jour;
    ∎ to hold up one's head redresser la tête;
    ∎ figurative she felt she would never be able to hold her head up again elle pensait qu'elle ne pourrait plus jamais marcher la tête haute
    (b) (support) soutenir;
    ∎ my trousers were held up with safety pins mon pantalon était maintenu par des épingles de sûreté
    ∎ they were held up as an example of efficient local government on les présentaient comme un exemple de gouvernement local compétent;
    ∎ to hold sb up to ridicule tourner qn en ridicule
    (d) (delay) retarder; (stop) arrêter;
    ∎ the traffic held us up la circulation nous a mis en retard;
    ∎ the accident held up traffic for an hour l'accident a bloqué la circulation pendant une heure;
    ∎ our departure was held up by bad weather notre départ a été retardé par le mauvais temps;
    ∎ I was held up j'ai été retenu;
    ∎ the project was held up for lack of funds (before it started) le projet a été mis en attente faute de financement; (after it started) le projet a été interrompu faute de financement;
    ∎ the goods were held up at customs les marchandises ont été immobilisées à la douane
    (e) (rob) faire une attaque à main armée;
    ∎ to hold up a bank faire un hold-up dans une banque
    (clothing, equipment) tenir; (supplies) tenir, durer; (weather) se maintenir;
    ∎ the car held up well during the trip la voiture a bien tenu le coup pendant le voyage;
    ∎ she's holding up well under the pressure elle supporte bien la pression;
    ∎ my finances are holding up well je tiens le coup financièrement
    British (agree with) être d'accord avec; (approve of) approuver;
    ∎ I don't hold with her ideas on socialism je ne suis pas d'accord avec ou je ne partage pas ses idées concernant le socialisme;
    ∎ his mother doesn't hold with private schools sa mère est contre ou désapprouve les écoles privées

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > hold

  • 10 whip

    n
    2) брит. организатор парламентской фракции партии; амер. помощник лидера фракции в конгрессе
    3) брит. повестка, направляемая организатором парламентской фракции партии
    •

    to crack the whip — щелкать бичом; перен. принимать решительные меры, чтобы добиться повиновения

    - Chief Government Whip
    - Chief Opposition Whip
    - Chief Whip
    - congressional whip
    - Deputy Chief Whip
    - majority whip
    - minority whip
    - party whip
    - three-line whip

    Politics english-russian dictionary > whip

  • 11 jefe

    adj.
    chief, top.
    m.
    1 boss, principal, chief, manager.
    2 chief, chieftain, leader, ringleader.
    3 boss, woman in charge, headwoman, top woman.
    4 boss.
    * * *
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 boss, head, chief
    2 COMERCIO (hombre) manager; (mujer) manageress
    3 PLÍTICA leader
    4 MILITAR officer in command
    ► interjección ¡jefe!
    1 familiar waiter!
    1 familiar the old lady, the wife
    \
    jefe de estación station master
    jefe de Estado Head of State
    jefe de Estado Mayor Chief of Staff
    jefe de redacción editor in chief
    jefe de ventas sales manager
    jefe supremo commander-in-chief
    * * *
    (f. - jefa)
    noun
    1) boss
    2) head
    * * *
    jefe, -a
    SM / F
    1) (=superior) boss; (=director) head; (Pol) leader; (Com) manager; (Mil) officer in command; [de tribu] chief

    ¿quién es el jefe aquí? — who's in charge around here?

    jefe/a civil — Caribe registrar

    jefe/a de almacén — warehouse manager/manageress

    jefe/a de bomberos — fire chief, chief fire officer

    jefe/a de cabina — (Aer) chief steward/stewardess

    jefe/a de camareros — head waiter/waitress

    jefe/a de cocina — head chef

    jefe/a de equipo — team leader

    jefe/a de estación — station master, station manager

    jefe/a de estado — head of state

    jefe/a de estado mayor — chief of staff

    jefe/a de estudios — (Escol) director of studies

    jefe/a de filas — (Pol) party leader

    jefe/a de máquinas — (Náut) chief engineer

    jefe/a de márketing — marketing manager

    jefe/a de obras — site manager

    jefe/a de oficina — office manager/manageress

    jefe/a de personal — personnel manager

    jefe/a de pista — ringmaster

    jefe/a de plató — (Cine, TV) floor manager

    jefe/a de producción — production manager

    jefe/a de protocolo — chief of protocol

    jefe/a de realización — (Cine, TV) production manager

    jefe/a de redacción — editor-in-chief

    jefe/a de sala — head waiter/waitress

    jefe/a de taller — foreman

    jefe/a de tren — guard, conductor (EEUU)

    jefe/a de ventas — sales manager

    jefe/a ejecutivo/a — chief executive

    jefe/a supremo/a — commander-in-chief

    2) [como apelativo]

    ¡oiga jefe! — hey!, mate! *

    sí, mi jefe — esp LAm yes, sir o boss

    * * *
    - fa masculino, femenino, jefe masculino y femenino
    a) ( superior) boss
    b) ( de empresa) manager; ( de sección) head; ( de tribu) chief
    c) (Pol) leader
    d) ( como apelativo) buddy (AmE colloq), mate (BrE colloq)
    e) jefes masculino plural (fam) ( padres) folks (pl) (colloq)
    * * *
    = boss [bosses, -pl.], chief, employer, chief honcho, top official, top position, head honcho, honcho, gaffer, leader.
    Ex. The dependence on bosses for recognition, rewards, and advancement breeds an artificiality of relationship, a need to be polite and agreeable.
    Ex. He subsequently served as chief of that Division, chief of the Serial Record Division, Assistant Director for Cataloging of the Processing Department, Director of the Processing Department, and Assistant Librarian of Processing Services.
    Ex. But we have an obligation to these students, to their future employers and colleagues, to society in general and to ourselves to ensure that our 'processing' makes an important difference.
    Ex. 'We should be more sympathetic and persuasive with the chief honchos'.
    Ex. Some who felt that many of the top officials in libraries and professional organizations were men.
    Ex. In spite of the preponderance of women in the profession 44 of 61 top positions are held by men.
    Ex. Only 17 percent of head honchos say research and development (R&D) drives innovation in their business, a new study has found.
    Ex. Of course, no one but a few honchos at IBM and Oracle know the real answer.
    Ex. Watford gaffer believes his team's home games hold the key to their ability to survive in the Premiership.
    Ex. The proud mother, as a result, had been a leader in the fight to establish a program for the 'gifted and talented' in the public school system.
    ----
    * ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.
    * editor jefe = editor-in-chief.
    * jefa de oficina de correos = postmistress.
    * jefe de cocina = chef.
    * jefe de escuadrón = squadron leader.
    * jefe de espías = spymaster.
    * jefe de estado = head of state, chief of state.
    * jefe de facturación = billing clerk.
    * jefe de la tribu = tribal chief.
    * jefe del estado mayor = Chief of Staff.
    * jefe de los servicios de gestión del conocimiento = chief knowledge officer (CKO).
    * jefe de los servicios de información = chief information officer (CIO).
    * jefe del servicio de catalogación = cataloguing head.
    * jefe del servicio de referencia = reference head.
    * jefe de milicia = warlord.
    * jefe de oficina = office manager.
    * jefe de oficina de correos = postmaster.
    * jefe de personal = personnel officer, welfare officer, staff manager.
    * jefe de personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.
    * jefe de policía = chief constable, police chief.
    * jefe de prensa = press officer.
    * jefe de recursos humanos = human resource manager.
    * jefe de sección = section head.
    * jefe de taller = overseer.
    * jefe militar = army official, army officer.
    * muchos jefes y pocos trabajadores = too many chiefs and not enough Indians.
    * ser el jefe = be in charge, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * * *
    - fa masculino, femenino, jefe masculino y femenino
    a) ( superior) boss
    b) ( de empresa) manager; ( de sección) head; ( de tribu) chief
    c) (Pol) leader
    d) ( como apelativo) buddy (AmE colloq), mate (BrE colloq)
    e) jefes masculino plural (fam) ( padres) folks (pl) (colloq)
    * * *
    = boss [bosses, -pl.], chief, employer, chief honcho, top official, top position, head honcho, honcho, gaffer, leader.

    Ex: The dependence on bosses for recognition, rewards, and advancement breeds an artificiality of relationship, a need to be polite and agreeable.

    Ex: He subsequently served as chief of that Division, chief of the Serial Record Division, Assistant Director for Cataloging of the Processing Department, Director of the Processing Department, and Assistant Librarian of Processing Services.
    Ex: But we have an obligation to these students, to their future employers and colleagues, to society in general and to ourselves to ensure that our 'processing' makes an important difference.
    Ex: 'We should be more sympathetic and persuasive with the chief honchos'.
    Ex: Some who felt that many of the top officials in libraries and professional organizations were men.
    Ex: In spite of the preponderance of women in the profession 44 of 61 top positions are held by men.
    Ex: Only 17 percent of head honchos say research and development (R&D) drives innovation in their business, a new study has found.
    Ex: Of course, no one but a few honchos at IBM and Oracle know the real answer.
    Ex: Watford gaffer believes his team's home games hold the key to their ability to survive in the Premiership.
    Ex: The proud mother, as a result, had been a leader in the fight to establish a program for the 'gifted and talented' in the public school system.
    * ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.
    * editor jefe = editor-in-chief.
    * jefa de oficina de correos = postmistress.
    * jefe de cocina = chef.
    * jefe de escuadrón = squadron leader.
    * jefe de espías = spymaster.
    * jefe de estado = head of state, chief of state.
    * jefe de facturación = billing clerk.
    * jefe de la tribu = tribal chief.
    * jefe del estado mayor = Chief of Staff.
    * jefe de los servicios de gestión del conocimiento = chief knowledge officer (CKO).
    * jefe de los servicios de información = chief information officer (CIO).
    * jefe del servicio de catalogación = cataloguing head.
    * jefe del servicio de referencia = reference head.
    * jefe de milicia = warlord.
    * jefe de oficina = office manager.
    * jefe de oficina de correos = postmaster.
    * jefe de personal = personnel officer, welfare officer, staff manager.
    * jefe de personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.
    * jefe de policía = chief constable, police chief.
    * jefe de prensa = press officer.
    * jefe de recursos humanos = human resource manager.
    * jefe de sección = section head.
    * jefe de taller = overseer.
    * jefe militar = army official, army officer.
    * muchos jefes y pocos trabajadores = too many chiefs and not enough Indians.
    * ser el jefe = be in charge, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.

    * * *
    jefe -fa
    masculine, feminine
    1 (superior) boss
    aquí el jefe soy yo I'm the boss here, I'm in charge here
    2 (de una sección, un departamento) head
    4 (de un partido, una banda) leader
    5 (como apelativo) buddy ( AmE colloq), mate ( BrE colloq), guv ( BrE colloq dated)
    6 jefes mpl ( fam) (padres) folks (pl) ( colloq), parents (pl)
    Compuestos:
    ● jefe/jefa de bomberos
    fire chief
    ● jefe/jefa de cocina
    chef
    ● jefe/jefa de departamento
    head of department
    ● jefe/jefa de estación
    stationmaster
    ● jefe/jefa de Estado
    head of state
    ● jefe/jefa de Estado Mayor
    Chief of Staff
    ● jefe/jefa de estudios
    director of studies
    ● jefe/jefa de filas
    group leader
    ● jefe/jefa de gobierno
    (primer ministro) prime minister; (presidente) president
    ● jefe/jefa de la guerrilla
    guerrilla leader
    ● jefe/jefa de la oposición
    leader of the opposition
    ● jefe/jefa de la policía
    chief of police
    ● jefe/jefa de los espías
    spymaster
    ● jefe/jefa de máquinas
    chief engineer
    ● jefe/jefa de negociado
    head of section, head of department
    ● jefe/jefa de oficina
    chief clerk, office manager
    ● jefe/jefa de personal
    personnel manager
    ● jefe/jefa de planta
    floor manager
    ● jefe/jefa de producción
    production manager
    ● jefe/jefa de producto
    product manager
    ● jefe/jefa de redacción
    editor-in-chief
    ● jefe/jefa de sección
    section head
    ● jefe/jefa de seguridad
    chief of security
    ● jefe/jefa de taller
    supervisor, foreman
    ● jefe/jefa de tren
    head conductor, train manager ( BrE)
    ● jefe/jefa de ventas
    sales manager
    * * *

     

    jefe
    ◊ -fa sustantivo masculino, femenino, jefe sustantivo masculino y femenino

    a) ( superior) boss;


    jefe de personal/ventas personnel/sales manager;
    jefe de redacción editor-in-chief

    ( de sección) head;
    ( de tribu) chief
    c) (Pol) leader;

    ◊ jefe de Estado/gobierno head of state/government

    jefe,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino
    1 boss
    Com manager
    jefe de estación, station master
    jefe de informativos, news editor
    jefe de personal, personnel manager
    jefe de redacción, editor-in-chief
    jefe de ventas, sales manager
    2 (líder) leader: es el jefe de la tribu, he's the chief of the tribe
    jefe de Estado, Head of State
    3 Mil comandante en jefe, commander-in-chief
    ' jefe' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    arder
    - bailar
    - bebida
    - cabestro
    - congraciarse
    - definitivamente
    - encima
    - faltar
    - gastar
    - gusano
    - jefa
    - mondarse
    - patrón
    - patrona
    - patrono
    - quemada
    - quemado
    - redactor
    - redactora
    - sapo
    - sheriff
    - tal
    - trinar
    - abajo
    - canciller
    - citar
    - comandante
    - condición
    - enfermero
    - facultar
    - mandar
    - pensar
    - plantear
    - quedar
    - rabiar
    - robar
    - salir
    - ver
    English:
    absence
    - abuse
    - anybody
    - approachable
    - around
    - ask for
    - bluster
    - boss
    - busywork
    - by
    - by-product
    - chancellor
    - chief
    - chieftain
    - clear
    - comeback
    - cow
    - deal with
    - departmental
    - deputy
    - discount
    - doormat
    - edit
    - even
    - expect
    - forceful
    - foreman
    - forge
    - frustrated
    - grievance
    - guard
    - head
    - higher-up
    - imagine
    - in
    - initially
    - leader
    - manager
    - marshal
    - mate
    - of
    - pass over
    - pat
    - pool
    - postmaster
    - promise
    - Secretary of State
    - sister
    - staff nurse
    - take over
    * * *
    jefe, -a nm,f
    1. [persona al mando] boss;
    [de empresa] manager, f manageress; [líder] leader; [de tribu, ejército] chief; [de departamento] head; Mil
    en jefe in-chief;
    Méx Fam
    como jefe: entró a la oficina como jefe he walked into the office as if he owned the place
    jefe de bomberos fire chief;
    jefe de compras purchasing manager;
    jefe de estación stationmaster;
    jefe de Estado head of state;
    jefe del estado mayor chief of staff;
    jefe de estudios director of studies;
    Dep jefe de fila(s) team leader [driver or cyclist];
    jefe de gabinete chief of staff;
    jefe de gobierno prime minister;
    una reunión de jefes de gobierno a meeting of heads of government;
    jefe de policía police chief, chief of police, Br chief constable;
    jefe de prensa press officer;
    jefe de producción production manager;
    jefe de producto product line manager;
    jefe de protocolo chief of protocol;
    jefe de proyecto project manager;
    jefe de redacción editor-in-chief;
    jefe de sección departmental head o chief;
    jefe de ventas sales manager
    2. Fam [como apelativo]
    pregúntale al jefe qué se debe ask the guy for the bill;
    jefe, pónganos dos cervezas give us two beers, Br guv o US mac
    3. Méx Fam [padre, madre] old man, f old girl
    4. Esp Fam
    mis jefes [mis padres] my folks
    * * *
    m, jefa f de departamento, organización head; ( superior) boss; POL leader; de tribu chief
    :
    mi jefe my dad fam ;
    mi jefa my mom fam
    * * *
    jefe, -fa n
    1) : chief, head, leader
    jefe de bomberos: fire chief
    2) : boss
    * * *
    jefe n
    1. (superior) boss [pl. bosses]
    3. (de un partido, de una asociación) leader

    Spanish-English dictionary > jefe

  • 12 parliamentary

    1. n
    член парламента, парламентарий
    2. a
    1) парламентский, парламентарный
    •

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > parliamentary

  • 13 leader

    1. n руководитель; вождь; глава; командир; лидер

    the leader of an expedition — глава, руководитель экспедиции

    spiritual leader — духовный лидер, духовный глава

    2. n ведущий адвокат

    leader for the defence — адвокат, возглавляющий защиту

    leader recording — ведущая запись; запись-заголовок

    3. n спорт. ведущий бег, гонку; лидер

    exiled leader — лидер, находящийся в ссылке

    exile leader — лидер, находящийся в изгнании

    4. n концертмейстер
    5. n дирижёр; капельмейстер; регент
    6. n заголовок; передовая; передовица

    leader page — страница, на которой напечатана передовица

    7. n радио первое сообщение в последних известиях
    8. n проф. кино
    9. n главная роль, заглавная роль
    10. n ведущий актёр
    11. n бот. главная ветвь; главный побег
    12. n ав. ведущий самолёт
    13. n с. -х. основной сорт
    14. n вожак
    15. n передняя лошадь
    16. n зарядный конец

    leader tape — начальный заправочный конец ленты; пусковой ракорд

    17. n товар, продаваемый в убыток для привлечения покупателей
    18. n эк. лидирующий, опережающий индикатор
    19. n водосточная труба
    20. n эл. лидер
    21. n эл. геол. проводник
    22. n эл. тех. ходовой винт
    23. n полигр. пунктир, пунктирная линия
    24. n полигр. отточие
    25. n полигр. рыб. приспособление для направления снасти

    начальный участок, начало

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. boss (noun) bell cow; bellwether; boss; chief; chieftain; cock; commander; conductor; dean; director; dominator; doyen; guide; head; headman; hierarch; honcho; lead; mentor; pilot; ringleader; superior
    2. commandant (noun) commandant; dictator; master; ruler; warlord
    3. explorer (noun) explorer; pioneer; scout; trailblazer
    4. forerunner (noun) forerunner; precursor; predecessor
    5. notable (noun) big; big boy; big gun; big shot; big-timer; bigwig; character; dignitary; eminence; great gun; heavyweight; high-muck-a-muck; lion; luminary; muckamuck; mugwump; nabob; nawob; notability; notable; personage; personality; pooh-bah; pot; somebody; VIP
    6. pacesetter (noun) pacesetter; trend-setter
    Антонимический ряд:
    adherent; devotee; disciple; follower; henchman; subject

    English-Russian base dictionary > leader

  • 14 Sá Carneiro, Francisco Lumbralles

    (1934-1980)
       Important political leader in the early years of post-1974 Portugal. Trained and educated as a lawyer at the University of Lisbon Law School, he was an up-and-coming young lawyer and liberal Catholic activist in the 1960s. A practicing lawyer in Oporto, Sá Carneiro was selected to be one of a number of younger deputies in the National Assembly during the brief "opening" phase of Prime Minister Marcello Caetano's period of the Estado Novo. He became a deputy upon consenting to adhere to two conditions for his selection; namely, maintaining Portugal's colonial policy in Africa and advocating "social peace" through reforms. But he refused to join the regime's official movement, the União Nacional. Soon discouraged by the continued intransigence of the conservative forces still controlling regime policy, despite the efforts of Caetano during 1968-70, Sá Carneiro and several others of the recently appointed deputies resigned their posts and went into opposition.
       Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Sá Carneiro and colleagues founded the Social Democrat Party (PSD). The highly respected lawyer and spokesman for centrist views became fully involved in the unstable politics of the early Revolutionary period. Named prime minister in January 1980, Sá Carneiro became the political man of the hour in Portugal. The PSD under Sá Carneiro leadership formed the core of a right of center electoral coalition named the Democratic Alliance (AD), which was composed of the PSD, Christian Democratic Party (CDS), and PPM during the
       December 1979 interim parliamentary elections. The AD won the election and Sá Carneiro became prime minister. The regular October 1980 legislative elections, which the AD won, reaffirmed the AD's strength as a coalition. Anxious to consolidate political power by having a president who favored AD policies in office and eager to have the AD candidate, General Soares Carneiro, defeat the incumbent, President Ramalho Eanes, Sá Carneiro undertook a vigorous campaign in the presidential elections set for 7 December 1980. On 4 December, bound for Oporto campaign stops, Sá Carneiro's plane crashed and burned only a short distance from the Lisbon airport. Seven official investigations of the crash have not reached definitive conclusions, and the cause of the crash remains a mystery.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Sá Carneiro, Francisco Lumbralles

  • 15 Soares, Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes

    (1924-)
       Lawyer, staunch oppositionist to the Estado Novo, a founder of Portugal's Socialist Party (PS), key leader of post-1974 democratic Portugal, and twice-elected president of the republic (1986-91; 1991-96). Mário Soares was born on 7 December 1924, in Lisbon, the son of an educator and former cabinet officer of the ill-fated First Republic. An outstanding student, Soares received a degree in history and philosophy from the University of Lisbon (1951) and his law degree from the same institution (1957). A teacher and a lawyer, the young Soares soon became active in various organizations that opposed the Estado Novo, starting in his student days and continuing into his association with the PS. He worked with the organizations of several oppositionist candidates for the presidency of the republic in 1949 and 1958 and, as a lawyer, defended a number of political figures against government prosecution in court. Soares was the family attorney for the family of General Humberto Delgado, murdered on the Spanish frontier by the regime's political police in 1965. Soares was signatory and editor of the "Program for the Democratization of the Republic" in 1961, and, in 1968, he was deported by the regime to São Tomé, one of Portugal's African colonies.
       In 1969, following the brief liberalization under the new prime minister Marcello Caetano, Soares returned from exile in Africa and participated as a member of the opposition in general elections for the National Assembly. Although harassed by the PIDE, he was courageous in attacking the government and its colonial policies in Africa. After the rigged election results were known, and no oppositionist deputy won a seat despite the Caetano "opening," Soares left for exile in France. From 1969 to 1974, he resided in France, consulted with other political exiles, and taught at a university. In 1973, at a meeting in West Germany, Soares participated in the (re)founding of the (Portuguese) Socialist Party.
       The exciting, unexpected news of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 reached Soares in France, and soon he was aboard a train bound for Lisbon, where he was to play a major role in the difficult period of revolutionary politics (1974-75). During a most critical phase, the "hot summer" of 1975, when a civil war seemed in the offing, Soares's efforts to steer Portugal away from a communist dictatorship and sustained civil strife were courageous and effective. He found allies in the moderate military and large sectors of the population. After the abortive leftist coup of 25 November 1975, Soares played an equally vital role in assisting the stabilization of a pluralist democracy.
       Prime minister on several occasions during the era of postrevolu-tionary adjustment (1976-85), Soares continued his role as the respected leader of the PS. Following 11 hectic years of the Lusitanian political hurly-burly, Soares was eager for a change and some rest. Prepared to give up leadership of the factious PS and become a senior statesman in the new Portugal, Mário Soares ran for the presidency of the republic. After serving twice as elected president of the republic, he established the Mário Soares Foundation, Lisbon, and was elected to the European Parliament.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Soares, Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes

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